Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42919308›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2026

Designing acceptable, feasible and engaging social prescribing pathways: the case of connecting from general practice to 'Golf for Health'.

Sharon A Carstairs, Lynsey R Brown, Mara van Beusekom, Gozde Ozakinci, Frank Sullivan, Andrew J Williams, Kathryn B Cunningham

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Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Sharon A CarstairsSchool of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. scarstairs001@dundee.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6593-5972
Lynsey R BrownPopulation and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
Mara van BeusekomPopulation and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
Gozde OzakinciDivision of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
Frank SullivanPopulation and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
Andrew J WilliamsScottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Kathryn B CunninghamSchool of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.

Funding

The R&A XIOR04
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGlobally social prescribing (SP) is receiving increasing attention for its role in health and social care. There is little evidence and a call for consideration on a seldom considered and hugely important aspect of SP schemes - the connection process (identification, enhancing likelihood of behaviour change, and connection). This was a novel study aiming to design an acceptable, feasible and engaging process for connecting individuals from general practice to a free golf programme in Scotland.

methodsA two-phase participatory approach drawing on the double diamond process of design was utilised in the study. Phase 1 'Discover to Define' comprised an exploratory survey to determine views on potential barriers, facilitators and connection process options. Phase 2 'Define to Develop' comprised online interactive workshops defining the options. Participants were key stakeholders including GP practice staff (survey n = 9, workshop n = 2), golf club staff (n = 10; n = 4), community link workers (CLW) (n = 2; n = 0), and members of the public (n = 9; n = 10). The data was synthesised using a visual mapping exercise guided by a framework of the three elements of connection. Summaries generated were validated by participants.

resultsA need and benefit for flexibility in the connection process is key and a single 'one size fits all' pathway was not suitable for the SP of golf scheme. A connection process map outlining an approach with multiple options across an individual's connection journey - with different combinations of options constituting different connection pathways - was designed to overcome barriers identified (e.g. uncertainty, competency, time, lack of CLW) in connecting patients to the golf programme. Suggested options not currently used in identifying, supporting and connecting the individual included practice issued lifestyle survey, text appointment and both supported and self-connection options.

conclusionsThe next phase of the research programme will utilise the developed conceptual connection process map assessing the acceptability and feasibility of implementing, a flexible process of connection for the SP of golf scheme. Regarding the wider context, we encourage researchers, policymakers and practitioners working in SP across the globe to test and further develop the conceptual connection process map in designing connection pathways for their specific context(s).

Indexed as

General PracticeGolfSocial PrescribingFeasibility StudiesHumansScotlandCommunity ConnectionConnection PathwayGeneral PracticePhysical ActivityReferral PathwaySocial Prescribing

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.