ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Predominance of SCCmec type III, multidrug resistance, and evidence of ica-independent biofilm formation among clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundStaphylococcus aureus remains one of the most common causes of infections, with its clinical treatment complicated by the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains and the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This study aimed to determine biofilm formation, MDR, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing of S. aureus isolated from a private hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
methodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a one-year period (February 2025 - February 2026). A total of 1,604 clinical samples were collected from patients (> 18 years), and isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was assessed via crystal violet assay, quantified by OD
resultsFrom 1,604 samples, 107 (6.67%) non-duplicate S. aureus isolates were obtained, primarily from urine (34.6%; 37/107). Isolates were more frequent among females (61.7%; 66/107) and patients aged 41-60 (58.8%; 63/107). Among the isolates, 62.6% (67/107) were identified as methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 71.9% (77/107) were MDR. Biofilm formation was observed in 72.9% (78/107) of isolates (25.2% strong, 17.8% moderate, and 29.9% weak). Notably, only 15.9% (17/107) of isolates carried the icaA gene, suggesting that the majority of biofilm formation occurs via ica-independent mechanisms. Biofilm-forming isolates exhibited significantly higher resistance to cefoxitin (P < 0.001) and ciprofloxacin (P = 0.028) compared to non-biofilm isolates. MRSA, MDR, and the mecA and icaA genes were likewise significantly more prevalent in biofilm-formers (P < 0.05). SCCmec type III was the most frequent among the MRSA isolates (46.3%; 31/67).
conclusionThis study highlights a strong correlation of biofilm formation with increased antibiotic resistance among our S. aureus clinical isolates. The high prevalence of MRSA, MDR, and SCCmec type III suggest the need for continuous surveillance and robust infection control strategies to manage clinical pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42919220What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.