ArticleNanotheranostics2026
Longitudinal, Non-invasive Live Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Acute Vascularized Composite Allograft Rejection Validated by
Article in Nanotheranostics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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18 authors.
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Abstract
Acute rejection remains a major cause of graft attrition in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). Clinical assessment and superficial biopsy may fail to detect early or spatially heterogeneous inflammatory infiltration, particularly within deeper graft compartments. Because macrophages are among the earliest mediators of alloimmune activation, they represent an attractive target for noninvasive immune surveillance of skin-bearing grafts. We evaluated longitudinal near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging of macrophage infiltration using a perfluoro-15-crown-5 ether nanoemulsion (PCE-NE) labeled with a near-infrared fluorophore in a rat hindlimb transplantation model and a radial forearm flap model in non-human primates (NHPs). Single- and dual-dose administration strategies enabled serial visualization of macrophage recruitment and improved detection of evolving inflammatory responses during acute rejection. To capture the spatial heterogeneity of rejection, a multi-sampled region-of-interest analysis framework was developed for quantitative mapping of NIRF signal across donor and recipient tissues in rats and throughout transplanted flap regions in NHPs. To validate
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