ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Advancements in Nanomedicine Platforms and Solid-State Engineering for Enhancing the Solubility of Apigenin: A Narrative Review.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Apigenin (APG) is a natural flavonoid with significant pharmacological potential, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. However, its clinical translation is severely constrained by its classification as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II compound, characterized by high permeability but poor aqueous solubility. This narrative review provides a critical, comparative evaluation of recent formulation strategies aimed at enhancing APG solubility and bioavailability. Literature published between 2013 and 2025 was systematically analyzed across PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We establish a comparative framework categorizing formulations into nanoparticle-based delivery systems (eg, nanocrystals, SNEDDS, ethosomes, phytosomes, liposomes, mesoporous silica, micelles, and nanosuspensions) and solid-state modifications (eg, cocrystals, solid dispersions, inclusion complexes, and amorphous forms). Specifically, these strategies are differentiated through thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives: solid-state modifications predominantly lower lattice energy to raise equilibrium thermodynamic solubility, whereas nano-formulations enhance kinetic dissolution rates through surface area enlargement and improved mucosal absorption. By bridging fundamental thermodynamic mechanisms with translational challenges, this review provides strategic insights for the rational design of clinically viable apigenin delivery systems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.