SynthesisFrontiers in immunology2026
Resistance-containing exercise versus non-exercise control for inflammatory markers and T-cell counts in adults living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Background: Adults living with HIV may have persistent immune activation and low-grade inflammation despite effective antiretroviral therapy. We assessed whether resistance training or resistance-containing combined exercise alters inflammatory biomarkers or T-cell counts versus non-exercise control. Methods: Six databases were searched to 1 June 2026 without language restrictions. Controlled intervention studies lasting at least four weeks were eligible. Screening and extraction were performed independently in duplicate. Inflammatory outcomes were expressed as Hedges' g; final-value SMDs were primary and change-score SMDs were analyzed separately, with one-trial strata reported individually. CD4+ T-cell count was pooled as a mean difference. Random-effects models used restricted maximum likelihood and Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman intervals. RoB 2 or ROBINS-I and GRADE were applied. Results: Fifteen trials (18 reports) were included; 13 contributed quantitative data. All primary final-value confidence intervals included no effect: interleukin-6, -0.19 (95% CI -1.14 to 0.76; k = 4); tumor necrosis factor alpha, 0.07 (-1.44 to 1.57; k = 3); C-reactive protein, -0.02 (-1.46 to 1.41; k = 3); interleukin-1 beta, -0.47 (-10.09 to 9.15; k = 2); and interleukin-10, 0.04 (-11.37 to 11.46; k = 2). Interleukin-8 was reported by one final-value trial, -0.63 (-1.39 to 0.12), and was not pooled. Separate change-score analyses were also inconclusive except for one unpooled C-reactive protein trial. The pooled estimate for CD4+ T-cell count favored exercise by 124.2 cells/mm Conclusion: The effects of resistance-containing exercise on inflammatory biomarkers remain undetermined. The CD4+ estimate suggests a possible increase, but confidence is very limited because the evidence is sparse, heterogeneous, at risk of bias, and its prediction interval includes no effect. Larger trials with well-defined comparators and complete contrast-form reporting are needed. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261425700, identifier CRD420261425700.
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