ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Association between nocturia frequency and depression in adults: evidence from NHANES 2021-2023 and a Chinese exploratory cohort.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Nocturia and depression commonly coexist and may share underlying pathways. We examined the cross-sectional association between nocturia frequency and clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Methods: We analyzed 4,162 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2021-2023. Nocturia was categorized as 0, 1, 2, or ≥3 voids/night; a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score ≥10 defined clinically relevant depressive symptoms. Survey-weighted logistic regression, an ordinal trend test, and subgroup analyses were conducted. A Chinese cohort ( Results: In the fully adjusted complex survey model, two voids/night (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.05-1.92; Conclusions: Frequent nocturia was cross-sectionally associated with clinically relevant depressive symptoms. The Chinese exploratory outpatient cohort provided exploratory support for a sleep-related statistical pathway, which was attenuated but remained positive after excluding the PSQI sleep-disturbance component. These findings highlight nocturia as a clinically relevant symptom linking urinary, sleep, and mental health, while longitudinal studies are needed to clarify temporal and causal relationships.
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