Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42907452›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Structure and functional divergence of the non-canonical BoNT-like toxin PG1 and PG2.

JinBo Yang, Zheng Liu, Linlin Jiang, Xiaoyan Ye, Yuwen Chao, Jing Ren, Xiaofeng Zhu, Shaoyu Yang, Xinyuan Guo, Ji Zeng and 3 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

JinBo Yang *Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.ORCID 0009-0001-5609-3416
Zheng Liu *Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.ORCID 0000-0002-6842-6273
Linlin JiangKey Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Xiaoyan YeInstitute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Yuwen ChaoDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Jing RenDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Xiaofeng ZhuInstitute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Shaoyu YangInstitute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Xinyuan GuoInstitute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Ji ZengSchool of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
Hua WuKey Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
Peng ChenDepartment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. pengch@whu.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0002-6356-7683
Sicai ZhangInstitute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China. sicai.zhang@nwafu.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0002-8894-5476

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent bacterial toxins. Distinct BoNT-like toxins, including BoNT/X, BoNT/En, and PMP1, form a distinct lineage. Here we characterize two additional members of this group, PG-toxin 1 and 2 (PG1 and PG2). Their light-chain (LC) and heavy-chain (HC) domains are encoded by adjacent genes. PG1 and PG2 LCs cleave Drosophila SNAP-25 at distinct sites (N196-E197 and R191-K193, respectively); PG1 is more potent, while PG2 activity depends on pH and ionic strength. Both LCs enter Sf9 cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. PG1 LC is toxic to Drosophila and northern armyworm independently of its HC, whereas PG2 LC toxicity is enhanced by its HC. Cryo-EM shows that PG1 adopts a distinct compact di-chain architecture with a door-hinge-like "belt." These findings expand the structural and functional diversity of the BoNT family and support the potential of PG-toxins as insecticidal agents and research tools.

Indexed as

Botulinum ToxinsAnimalsCryoelectron MicroscopyDrosophilaDrosophila ProteinsEndocytosisHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSf9 CellsSynaptosomal-Associated Protein 25Botulinum ToxinsDrosophila ProteinsSynaptosomal-Associated Protein 25

Identifiers

PMID42907452
PMCPMC13687064

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