Quantitative Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging With Golden-Angle Radial k-Space Sampling and Locally Low-Rank Reconstruction.

Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance fingerprinting (CEST-MRF) is a promising quantitative molecular imaging technique. To reduce scan time, current CEST-MRF implementations typically use echo-planar imaging (EPI) readouts, which are prone to geometric distortion and signal dropout. In this study, we developed a motion-robust, geometrically accurate CEST-MRF method using radial k-space sampling, locally low-rank reconstruction, and neural network-based quantification. The acquisition schedule was optimized using deep learning, and its accuracy was validated in numerical simulations with digital phantoms. The number of spokes per measurement was determined through simulations and in vivo ablation studies in healthy volunteers. Five healthy subjects underwent repeated scans, and regions of interest were defined for analysis. Tissue maps generated with the proposed method were compared with values obtained from nonlinear least-squares (NLS) fitting of multisaturation-power z-spectra. Motion sensitivity and test-retest reproducibility were evaluated using the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Clinical feasibility was demonstrated in a subject with a history of remote middle cerebral artery infarction. The results show that 3D quantitative CEST maps can be acquired in 11 min using 34 spokes per measurement. Numerical simulations yielded mean errors below 14% for all tissue parameters, while in vivo parameter estimates agreed well with both NLS-derived values and prior brain CEST-MRF studies. The mean ICC across all tissue maps was 0.92 in white matter and 0.87 in gray matter, with mean intersubject CVs of 5.4% and 3.4%, respectively. The mean error between motion and no-motion conditions was 8.6%. In the pathology case, changes in CEST-MRF tissue parameters were consistent with clinically diagnosed cystic gliosis. This approach enables accurate and reproducible 3D quantitative CEST imaging of the brain within clinically feasible scan times.