ArticleInternational microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology2026
Transcriptomic dissection of the ToxR regulon in Vibrio parahaemolyticus at low cell density.
Article in International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major seafood-borne pathogen whose pathogenesis and environmental fitness depend on the regulator ToxR, but the scope of its regulon has remained undefined. We used RNA-seq to compare the transcriptomes of wild-type RIMD2210633 strain and an isogenic ΔtoxR strain at the peak of toxR expression, revealing 603 differentially expressed genes (348 down-regulated and 255 up-regulated in the mutant). ToxR predominantly functions as an activator of gene expression under the tested conditions. The regulon includes 32 regulatory genes, 13 c-di-GMP metabolism genes, the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) cluster (up-regulated in the mutant), all detectable T3SS2 genes and tdh2 (down-regulated in the mutant), differentially regulated type VI secretion system (T6SS1/T6SS2) genes, lateral flagellar genes, the scv genes, the mfpABC operon, and multiple porins. These findings establish ToxR as a central hup integrating the expression of genes associated with virulence, stress adaptation, biofilm development, and second-messenger signaling, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding how V. parahaemolyticus orchestrates its complex lifestyle during host colonization and environmental transitions.
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