Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42903709›Full record

ArticleEnvironment & health (Washington, D.C.)2026

Associations between Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections and Climate-Related Exposure in a Tertiary Medical Center in Central Luzon, Philippines.

Paul L C Chua, Emerald J O'Brien, Shuhei Nomura, Sophearen Ith, Chris Fook Sheng Ng, Azenith May H Rafanan, Julie Anne B Cabantog, Masahiro Hashizume, Miguel Antonio Salazar

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Environment & health (Washington, D.C.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Paul L C ChuaDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7778-0189
Emerald J O'BrienDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Shuhei NomuraGlobal Health Policy Lab, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
Sophearen IthDepartment of Epidemiology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
Chris Fook Sheng NgDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1025-0807
Azenith May H RafananDepartment of Pathology, Laboratories and Blood Transfusion Services, Jose B. Lingad Memorial General Hospital, San Fernando, Pampanga 2000, Philippines.
Julie Anne B CabantogDepartment of Pathology, Laboratories and Blood Transfusion Services, Jose B. Lingad Memorial General Hospital, San Fernando, Pampanga 2000, Philippines.
Masahiro HashizumeDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
Miguel Antonio SalazarGraduate School, Angeles University Foundation, Angeles City, Pampanga 2009, Philippines.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1129-6508

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can worsen due to climate change. Several studies from China, Europe, and the USA have reported linear associations between weather and AMR. To provide additional evidence, this epidemiological study explored the nonlinear associations of short-term (28-day prior) and long-term (annual anomaly) temperature and rainfall exposure with AMR cases and multidrug resistance (MDR) at a single hospital in Pampanga, Philippines, a province with a tropical climate and high flood risk. Robust Poisson regression was used to estimate the associations between temperature and rainfall with AMR cases and the number of resistant antibiotics across subgroups of bacteria, priority pathogens, specimens, age, sex, and season. Several nonlinear associations exhibited an inverted U-shape, suggesting that the AMR risk peaks at specific temperatures or rainfall levels before declining at extreme values. Another recurring nonlinear association was U- or J-shaped, suggesting increased MDR severity or a greater number of resistant antibiotics with low or high rainfall. These findings underscore the possibility of a more complex link between climate and AMR, warranting further investigation across more locations and settings, whenever individual records are available. Future research should integrate ecological data to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations.

Indexed as

antibiotic resistanceantimicrobial resistancerainfalltemperatureweather

Identifiers

PMID42903709
PMCPMC13681426

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.