ArticleCureus2026
Diabetes Care Knowledge-Practice Gap Among Primary Healthcare Nurses in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Assessment of Competency and Training Needs.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPrimary healthcare nurses deliver most routine diabetes contact, yet regional studies rarely test whether nurses self-rated confidence matches objective knowledge. This study assessed diabetes knowledge, self-efficacy, and satisfaction among primary care nurses, and examined concordance between knowledge and self-rated confidence.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among primary care nurses at 11 primary health centers in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire combining a 36-item diabetes knowledge test and 17-item self-efficacy scale (5-point Likert) was piloted on 10 respondents (Cronbach's alpha=0.948) before administration to the main analytic sample of 100 nurses. Knowledge and self-efficacy scores were compared using Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05).
resultsMean knowledge score was 53.7% (SD 18.9); 59% had poor knowledge (<60% correct). Self-efficacy was moderate-to-high overall (mean 3.66/5). Knowledge and self-efficacy scores were only weakly-to-moderately correlated (Spearman's rho=0.38, p<0.001); 33% of nurses showed knowledge-confidence discordance (20% underconfident, 13% overconfident). Prior diabetes-specific training was associated with significantly higher self-efficacy (p=0.005) but not objective knowledge (p=0.47). Qualification level was associated with knowledge scores on univariate analysis (p=0.016) but not after adjusting for training, experience, and chronic-unit exposure (p=0.088). Glucagon injection technique was the lowest-rated competency (mean 2.57/5); satisfaction with training received was low (mean 2.24/5) and uncorrelated with objective knowledge (p=0.48).
conclusionPrimary care nurses show a measurable disconnect between diabetes-related confidence and objective knowledge: existing training is associated with strengthened self-assurance without a proportional association with improved knowledge. Structured, competency-verified training targeting glucagon administration and Ramadan-specific counseling is needed to close this gap and safeguard patient outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.