ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes elevates salivary DKK1 levels similar to exclusive smoking.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Animal models and Methodology: We included three groups: (1) e-cigarette users who additionally smoke combustible cigarettes, "dual users" (DU users, Results: Dual users of e-cigarettes showed elevated cotinine levels and higher scores on the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), indicating greater nicotine dependence compared to combustible cigarette smokers. The dual-user group had significantly higher levels of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) than the non-smoker group (220.6 pg./mL vs. 0, Conclusion: Dual users of electronic cigarettes exhibit elevated salivary DKK1 levels and significant correlations with HSP70; these results suggest that chronic use may alter the inflammatory process. The pattern of e-cigarette consumption and the age of initiation modify salivary HSP70 levels. These proteins are involved in cellular stress and inflammatory mechanisms.
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