Time-restricted feeding during the inactive phase vs.

Background/objectives: In recent years, intermittent fasting has become a popular method for preventing and treating obesity and chronic diseases. This study explored the metabolic and inflammatory effects of inactive-phase (Day) time-restricted feeding (TRF) vs. Methods: Four groups (TRF + HF, TRF + S, Ad + S, Ad + HF; Results: Body weight was significantly associated with both Diet and Feeding pattern after baseline adjustment, with the greatest observed weight gain in Ad + HF and the smallest in TRF + S. TNF-α showed a significant Diet × Feeding interaction, characterized by marked reductions in both TRF groups and little change in Ad + HF. Lipid metabolism exhibited distinct interactions between diet type and feeding regimens. Total cholesterol levels increased in both Conclusions: Overall, inactive-phase time-restricted feeding was associated with lower weight gain, favorable changes in selected lipid parameters, and a reduction in TNF-α. No significant Diet × Feeding interactions were observed for IL-6 or LPS, indicating that the inflammatory findings were specific to TNF-α rather than reflective of a generalized anti-inflammatory effect. However, because food intake was not quantitatively measured, these differences cannot be attributed to meal timing independently of possible differences in total energy intake.