ArticleTropical animal health and production2026
Retrospective serological evidence of exposure to selected equine viruses in horses from Indigenous communities of Costa Rica, 2011.
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Abstract
Horses are essential for transportation and livelihoods in Indigenous communities of Costa Rica. However, information on their exposure to viral pathogens remains scarce. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional serosurvey using samples collected from horses from four Indigenous communities (Alto Pacuare, Amubre, Paso Marcos, and Vereh) sampled between March and October 2011 (n = 278). Sera were tested in 2014 using commercial immunodiffusion or ELISA assays for antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV), equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4), influenza A virus, equine arteritis virus (EAV), and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). Seroprevalence estimates and Wilson 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and differences among communities were assessed using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, as appropriate. The number of tested sera differed across assays due to sample availability. Serological evidence compatible with WNV exposure was detected in 58.9% (139/236) of horses, with the highest proportion in Amubre (83.3%). EHV-4 showed consistently high seropositivity (91.2%, 125/137), whereas EHV-1 seroprevalence was low (6.6%, 9/137). Antibodies to influenza A virus and EAV were detected at low frequencies (5.1%, 12/237, and 3.0%, 7/236, respectively). EIAV seroprevalence reached 16.6% (35/211), with the highest proportion in Paso Marcos (23.8%). Significant differences among communities were observed for WNV, influenza A virus, and EHV-4 seropositivity. These findings represent historical serological evidence of exposure in 2011 and should not be interpreted as reflecting current viral circulation. Nevertheless, they provide a retrospective baseline for comparison with future surveillance and highlight the value of including underserved Indigenous equine populations in disease-monitoring and prevention programs.
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