Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42901960›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Dosing and delivery of bacteriophage therapy in a murine wound infection model.

Yung-Hao Lin, Tejas Dharmaraj, Qingquan Chen, Arne Echterhof, Robert Manasherob, Lucy J Zhang, Zhiwei Li, Cas de Leeuw, Nana A Peterson, Tony H W Chang and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Yung-Hao Lin *Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-5318-6851
Tejas Dharmaraj *Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5305-9968
Qingquan Chen *Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Arne EchterhofDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0001-6963-9780
Robert ManasherobDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Redwood City, CA, USA.
Lucy J ZhangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Zhiwei LiDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Cas de LeeuwInstitute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0006-7225-4925
Nana A PetersonDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4330-5133
Tony H W ChangDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4227-6163
Whitney StannardDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Maryam HajfathalianDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Aviv HargilDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Hunter A MartinezDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1129-3382
Julie PourtoisDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6939-2909
Maya AbhyankarDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID 0009-0007-7642-2081
Francis G BlankenbergDivision of Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA.
Derek AmanatullahDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Redwood City, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6203-5853
Ovijit ChaudhuriDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. chaudhuri@stanford.edu.ORCID 0000-0002-9287-3401
Paul L BollykyDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. pbollyky@stanford.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-2499-9448

Funding

Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CF Foundation) CHEN21F0, 10. CF008614G224
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Lytic bacteriophages, viruses that lyse (kill) bacteria, hold great promise for treating infections, including wound infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, dosing and delivery strategies for phage therapy remain underdeveloped. In a mouse wound infection model specifically designed to evaluate the treatment of established infections-a critical gap in existing preclinical models-we investigated the impact of administration route, dose, and frequency on phage therapy efficacy. In this model, topical, but not systemic, delivery reduced wound bacterial burden. In vitro and in vivo data revealed rapid emergence of phage resistance and suggested potential benefit of using high and repeated doses. Building on these insights, we developed HydroPhage, a phage-containing hyaluronan-based hydrogel formed with dynamic covalent crosslinks that delivers high-titer phages over one week. Here, we show that sustained hydrogel-based delivery is a practical and effective approach for topical phage application.

Indexed as

BacteriophagesPhage TherapyPseudomonas InfectionsWound InfectionAnimalsDisease Models, AnimalFemaleHyaluronic AcidHydrogelsMicePseudomonas aeruginosaHyaluronic AcidHydrogels

Identifiers

PMID42901960
PMCPMC13683399

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.