ArticleWorld journal of urology2026
Calcium oxalate kidney stone morphology reflects underlying metabolic and clinical conditions.
Article in World journal of urology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionNephrolithiasis is a growing public health problem due to dietary changes and global warming. Physical analysis of the composition of urinary stones is recommended to guide treatment but is not always available. A morpho-constitutional classification of kidney stones dividing the prevalent calcium oxalate stones into type I (COM/whewellite Ia-Ie subtypes, related to hyperoxaluria) and type II (COD/weddellite IIa-IIc subtypes, related to hypercalciuria) was proposed several decades ago. The objective was to validate whether the morphology of calcium oxalate stones can guide diagnosis and actually reveal alterations in urine composition.
methodsThis study used intact and homogeneous calcium oxalate stones (Ia, IIa, Ic, Ie) accompanied by complete metabolic data. The stones underwent stereomicroscopic morphological evaluation and FTIR spectroscopy for accurate classification. Patients underwent standardized 24-h urine and fresh urine assessments to determine key lithogenic parameters.
resultsThe morphologies of calcium oxalate stones correlate with specific conditions. Type II stones are associated with hypercalciuria, while type Ic and Ie stones are associated with dramatic hyperoxaluria, as seen in primary hyperoxaluria and enteric hyperoxaluria, respectively.
conclusionMorphological analysis of calcium oxalate stones should be considered, as it provides specific information and can reveal rare but serious conditions and guide treatment. In the era of artificial intelligence, automated imaging could provide relevant information even in the absence of infrared or X-ray-based stone analysis methods.
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