ArticleFrontiers in parasitology2026
Effect of urine storage conditions on circulating anodic antigen detection using the UCP-LF CAA test.
Article in Frontiers in parasitology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic neglected tropical disease that remains a major public health problem in many African countries. Accurate diagnosis is essential for control, surveillance and elimination efforts. Conventional parasitological methods have limited sensitivity, particularly in low-intensity infections commonly observed after treatment or in low-endemic settings. Circulating anodic antigen (CAA), released by live Methods: We investigated the effect of freezing and non-frozen storage on urine CAA detection using the UCP-LF CAA test, compared with freshly tested urine. The study was conducted among school-aged children in a near-elimination Results: CAA positivity decreased from 44/272 (16.2%) in fresh urine to 35/272 (12.9%) after freezing. In the subset, positivity was 20/153 (13.1%) in fresh, 16/153 (10.5%) in frozen, and 24/153 (15.7%) in non-frozen stored urine. CAA concentrations showed strong correlation between storage conditions (Spearman's ρ = 0.86-0.93, p<0.0001). Freezing was associated with a small but significant reduction in CAA positivity (p=0.004), while CAA concentrations showed a non-significant trend towards lower values after freezing. Non-frozen stored samples showed generally comparable results to fresh urine. Discussion/Conclusion: In conclusion, these findings suggest that flexible urine storage strategies may be feasible for delayed centralized CAA testing, although freezing may result in loss of detection among samples with CAA concentrations close to the assay cut-off.
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