ArticleFrontiers in dental medicine2026
Smear layer removal by EDTA, citric acid, and maleic acid under five irrigant delivery and activation protocols: an
Article in Frontiers in dental medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Background/purpose: This randomized Material and methods: Of 215 extracted single-rooted teeth, five served as descriptive controls and 210 were randomized to a 3 × 5 factorial design ( Results: For Prabhu scores, chelator x delivery/activation, chelator x root-third, and delivery/activation x root-third interactions were significant (all Conclusions: Chelator selection consistently influenced smear-layer removal, whereas delivery/activation effects depended on root level and assessment method. Under the present experimental conditions, 15% citric acid showed the most favorable apical SEM performance. These findings concern laboratory surface-cleanliness endpoints and do not establish clinical superiority or an optimal chelating protocol.
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