ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Perceived academic demands and psychological distress among Chinese university students: structural associations involving chronic time pressure and leisure-time physical activity.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: This study examined the direct and specific indirect associations among perceived academic demands, chronic time pressure, leisure-time physical activity, and psychological distress in Chinese university students. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey included 1,390 undergraduates from 10 higher-education institutions in Jiangsu Province, China. Perceived academic demands, chronic time pressure, and psychological distress were modeled as latent variables, whereas log-transformed leisure-time physical activity was modeled as an observed variable. Confirmatory factor analysis and covariate-adjusted structural equation modeling were conducted. Specific indirect associations were estimated using 5,000 bootstrap resamples with bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals. Results: The adjusted structural model showed good fit (CFI = 0.966, TLI = 0.959, RMSEA = 0.034, SRMR = 0.024). Perceived academic demands were positively associated with chronic time pressure (β = 0.539) and psychological distress (β = 0.382). Chronic time pressure was positively associated with psychological distress (β = 0.334) and negatively associated with leisure-time physical activity (β = -0.179), whereas leisure-time physical activity was negatively associated with distress (β = -0.097; all Conclusions: The indirect association through chronic time pressure was substantially larger than the serial indirect association additionally involving leisure-time physical activity, indicating that leisure-time physical activity made only a minimal additional contribution within the concurrent structural model. These findings highlight chronic time pressure as a relevant correlate of student psychological distress and support further investigation of academic time organization alongside opportunities for physical activity. Because the data were cross-sectional, temporal mediation and causal direction cannot be established.
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