ArticleGlobal change biology2026
Carbon Accumulation in Tropical Dry Forests and Savannas Despite Widespread Land-Cover Change, Revealed by Radar Remote Sensing.
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Article in Global change biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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98 authors.
Sam B HarrisonSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3216-1530
John L GodleeForest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-255X
David T MilodowskiSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8419-8506
Reza AsiyabiSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0162-2376
Penelope J MograbiSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-7021
Zhofre AguirreCarrera de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6829-3028
Jarcilene S AlmeidaDepartamento de Botânica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-7090
George K D AmetsitsiCSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-6684
Alejandro Araujo-MurakamiInstituto de Investigaciones Forestales de la Amazonía, Universidad Autónoma del Beni José Ballivián (IIFA-UAB), Bolivia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6151-8995
Sally ArchibaldSchool of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2786-3976
Luzmila Arroyo PadillaUniversidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2203-2882
Lorena BenitezSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6771-1806
Samuel J BowersSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-0359
Thomas K BradeSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4852-7085
Domingos CardosoJardim Botânico Do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7072-2656
João M B CarreirasSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2737-9420
Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias CastroDepartamento de Biologia (Aposentado) da Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2349-3843
Duncan ChaloDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8031-0927
Halidou CompaoreCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Institut de L'environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0821-5408
Isabela S C da CostaPrograma de Pós‑Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade (PPGSis), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9864-7640
Ítalo Antônio Cotta CoutinhoPrograma de Pós‑Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade (PPGSis), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-0243
Eder C das NevesUniversidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6204-721X
Vera De CauwerBiodiversity Research Centre, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3383-7758
Tony César de Sousa OliveiraInstitute of Biogeosciences, IBG2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6209-3829
Hermane DiesseNamibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3282-4058
Tomas F DominguesDepartamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2857-9838
Fernando EliasMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9190-1733
Camila Laís FarrapoUniversidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-6646
G FeigDepartment of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa.
Ted R FeldpauschFaculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-7962
Moabe F FernandesRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-5730
David R GalbraithSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5555-4823
Nestor I GasparriInstituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán- CONICET, Argentina.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8389-1379
Emanuel GloorSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-6341
Francisco MaiatoUniversidade Mandume Ya Ndemufayo, Lubango, Angola.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8859-7491
Tatenda GotoreSchool of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2010-0642
Karollyne S GuimarãesSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
Gloria Gutierrez-SibautySanta Cruz, Asociación Boliviana Para la Conservación de Las Aves, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.
Rhett D HarrisonCIFOR-ICRAF, Lusaka, Zambia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-3546
Thomas P HigginbottomSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1150-1444
Francoise Yoko IshidaCentre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-8192
Hamza IssifuDepartment of Forestry & Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Natural Resources & Environment, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4466-6157
John Ngugi KigomoKenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4805-1988
Timothy J KilleenMuseo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-1646
Aurora LevesleySchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7999-5519
Simon L LewisSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8066-6851
José Romualdo S LimaFederal University of Agreste of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2983-4650
Dante LotoInstituto de Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques (INSIMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9341-8486
Elisvan Mariano SousaUniversidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
Beatriz S MarimonUniversidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-2914
Ben Hur Marimon JuniorUniversidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-6281
Mário Marcos do Espírito SantoUniversidade Estadual de Montes Claros, UNIMONTES, Montes Claros, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8274-3075
Antonia M L MarquesPrograma de Pós‑Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação da Biodiversidade (PPGSis), Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6691-4724
Matheus Santos MartinsUniversidade de Brasília, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4354
Collins W MasindeKenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4926-6718
Musingo Tito E MbuviKenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9501-631X
Iain M McNicolSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3073-5668
Karina MelgaçoSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2208-6613
B MogonongSouth African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2156-6794
Peter W MoonlightBotany, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4342-2089
Paulo S MorandiUniversidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8151-7738
Leonor Patricia Cerdeira MorellatoCenter for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change and Department of Biodiversity, Phenology Lab, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5265-8988
Magna Soelma Beserra de MouraBrazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Tropical Agroindustry, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-1399
Anderson MuchawonaZimbabwe Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9452-5957
Jonathan Ilunga MulediFaculté Des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-9351
Leena NaftalNamibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0266-8501
Jhonathan Oliveira SilvaColegiado de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Senhor do Bonfim, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-7501
Catherine L ParrSchool of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-763X
Nayane Cristina C S PrestesUniversidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-8231
Luciano Paganucci de QueirozDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7436-0939
Tshililo RamaswielaSouth African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9145-9660
Desirée M RamosCenter for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change and Department of Biodiversity, Phenology Lab, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3342-6708
Simone Matias ReisUniversidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2318-874X
Natasha S RibeiroDepartment of Forest Engineering, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-5905
Raphael R RochaUniversidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2463-533X
Priscyla Maria Silva RodriguesColegiado de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Senhor do Bonfim, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4508-0131
Gustavo SaizDepartment of Environment and Agronomy, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7794-4403
Rubens M SantosUniversidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4075-462X
Mylor Ngoy ShutchaFaculté Des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3208-5443
Domingos Fortunato P F da SilvaAvenida Allioun Blondy Beye, bairro Académico, Instituto Superior de Ciências de Educação do Huambo, ISCED-Huambo, Huambo, Angola.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6957-6700
Kathleen G SmartSouth African Environmental Observation Network (SAEON), South Africa.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-5109
Bonaventure SonkéPlant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4310-3603
Elmar VeenendaalPlant Ecology & Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-2501
Chemuku WekesaKenya Forestry Research Institute, Taita Taveta Research Centre, Wundanyi, Kenya.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1341-5507
Lucy H WellsSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6790-6523
Débora ZuannySchool of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-3788
Timothy R BakerSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-1679
Kyle G DexterSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9232-5221
Gabriele C HegerlSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4159-1295
R Toby PenningtonMissouri Botanical Garden, St Louis, Missouri, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8196-288X
Oliver L PhillipsSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-6168
Stephen SitchFaculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1821-8561
Ann Carla StaverEcology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-675X
Mathew WilliamsSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-5208
Shaun QueganNational Centre for Earth Observation, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-4829
Steven HancockSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-6964
Nicole Helene AugustinSchool of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-3742
Casey M RyanSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-0128
Funding
Natural Environment Research Council NE/T01279X/1
Abstract
Accurate mapping of woody biomass and its temporal change is critical for understanding the global carbon balance, informing restoration and supporting evidence-based policy on climate mitigation and livelihoods. The vegetation of the dry tropics, comprised largely of dry forests and savannas, holds substantial woody carbon stocks, but both stocks and change over time remain uncertain. Where Earth Observation (EO) data have been used to estimate change over time, different products give conflicting results on the direction, magnitude and location of change. We present pan-dry-tropical maps of aboveground carbon density (AGCD) and AGCD change at 100 m resolution for the years 2015-2024, developed using ALOS ScanSAR satellite radar observations calibrated with in situ measurements (n = 237). These maps suggest an aboveground woody carbon pool (AGC) in the dry tropics of 25.3
Indexed as
CarbonCarbon SequestrationForestsGrasslandBiomassCarbon CycleConservation of Natural ResourcesRadarRemote Sensing TechnologyTreesTropical ClimateCarbonaboveground biomasscarbon stocks and fluxesdeforestationdegradationland‐use changesavannassynthetic aperture radartropical dry forestswoody carbonwoody encroachment
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