ArticleClinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society2026
Temporal cytokine trajectories during microaxial flow pump support identify a high-risk inflammatory phenotype in cardiogenic shock.
Article in Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite advances in temporary mechanical circulatory support, the mortality rate for patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) remains high. Current shock frameworks rely on hemodynamic parameters and fail to capture ongoing biological injury. Our study aimed to investigate cytokine trajectories during support and their association with clinical outcomes.
methodsThis single-center retrospective cohort study analyzed 113 patients with CS in SCAI stage ≥ C who were treated with microaxial flow pump (mAFP). Serial cytokine levels were measured from the time of mAFP implantation until day 7 afterwards. Time-point-specific multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of 30-day mortality. The incremental prognostic value of cytokine levels was evaluated in relation to age, lactate, and vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS), with interaction analyses conducted in relation to hemodynamic severity and blood culture positivity.
resultsThe overall 30-day mortality rate in the study cohort was 26.5%. IL-6 trajectories diverged progressively between survivors and non-survivors during mAFP support, with the greatest separation at 72 h. At this time point, log-transformed IL-6 was independently associated with 30-day mortality. ROC analysis at 72 h showed moderate discriminatory performance (AUC 0.745) and identified an optimal cut-off of 164.5 pg/mL (sensitivity 68.0%; specificity 82.1%). Patients with IL-6 levels ≥ 164.5 pg/mL presented with lower 30-day survival in exploratory landmark-type Kaplan-Meier analysis (log-rank p < 0.001). This association was not modified by blood culture positivity, although infection, culture-negative inflammatory complications, and vasoplegic/distributive physiology cannot be excluded as contributors to IL-6 elevation.
conclusionsIn patients with CS supported by mAFP, persistent IL-6 elevation at 72 h was associated with increased 30-day mortality and provided additional prognostic information alongside established clinical severity markers. These findings suggest that ongoing inflammatory activity may provide additional prognostic information and support further evaluation of serial IL-6 measurements for risk stratification.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42895540What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.