ReviewCureus2026
The Inflammatory-Oxidative Axis in Lung Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Serum C-Reactive Protein, Nitric Oxide, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Reductase, and Glutathione Peroxidase Alterations.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 1.8 million deaths annually. Despite advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy, late diagnosis and therapeutic resistance continue to limit patient outcomes. Emerging evidence implicates systemic inflammation and oxidative stress as critical drivers of lung cancer initiation, progression, and treatment resistance. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge regarding alterations in serum C-reactive protein (CRP), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in patients with lung cancer. A consistent body of literature demonstrates significantly elevated CRP and NO levels alongside markedly reduced SOD, GR, and GPx activities in treatment-naïve patients with lung cancer compared to healthy controls, indicating a profound inflammatory-oxidative imbalance. However, important heterogeneity exists across studies, with the magnitude of these alterations varying by tumor stage, histological subtype, smoking history, and the biological compartment analyzed. The absence of linear correlation between inflammatory and antioxidant markers in several studies suggests complex, non-linear interactions between these pathways rather than simple opposition. Clinically, this combined biomarker panel may aid in risk stratification, disease monitoring, and evaluation of therapeutic response, particularly when integrated into established scoring systems such as the Glasgow Prognostic Score. Major knowledge gaps persist, including a lack of large prospective longitudinal studies, the absence of validated cut-off values, and limited correlation with hard clinical endpoints. Future research should prioritize multicenter cohorts with standardized assays and paired serum-tissue analyses to translate this axis into routine oncologic practice.
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