ArticleTropical animal health and production2026
Influence of ecological and management factors on Toxoplasma gondii infection in small ruminants in Algeria.
Article in Tropical animal health and production, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan of major concern for small-ruminant production and public health. This study is among the first to simultaneously compare T. gondii seroprevalence across contrasting Algerian bioclimatic zones. In summer 2024, a cross-sectional study was conducted across 82 herds comprising 4,022 small ruminants in three provinces of central Algeria (Blida, Médéa, Djelfa), representing contrasting bioclimatic zones (humid, semi-arid, and arid). Blood samples were collected from 1,052 animals older than six months to assess the apparent seroprevalence of T. gondii and associated factors. The herd-level apparent seroprevalence was 87.8%, with goat herds showing the highest apparent prevalence (94.4%), followed by mixed (87.5%) and sheep herds (85.4%). The individual animal-level apparent seroprevalence was 38.2%, with goats exhibiting significantly higher seropositivity than sheep (49.8% vs. 34.8%; p < 0.001). A climatic gradient was observed at the individual level, with apparent seroprevalence of 50.8% in the humid region (Blida), 43.4% in the sub-humid region (Médéa), and 27.1% in the arid region (Djelfa) (p < 0.001). After adjustment in a mixed-effects logistic regression model accounting for within-herd clustering, species and province remained significantly associated with seropositivity, while age, sex, and reproductive history were not. At the herd level, small herd size (< 50 animals) (adjusted OR = 14.45, p = 0.004), sedentary farming systems (adjusted OR = 9.75, p = 0.006), and cat exposure (adjusted OR = 22.78, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with seropositivity. However, convenience sampling and a final sample size below the calculated minimum should be considered when interpreting representativeness. These findings highlight the importance of regionally adapted surveillance and risk-based biosecurity measures, particularly in sub-humid peri-urban areas with intensive small-herd management.
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