ArticleCurrent microbiology2026
Global Distribution and Co-occurrence of Antimicrobial, Biocide, and Metal Resistance Genes in 11,921 Acinetobacter baumannii Genomes.
Article in Current microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a critical priority pathogen globally. While antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are well characterized, the prevalence, distribution, and co-occurrence patterns of biocide and metal resistance genes (BMRGs) remain poorly defined at global scale. We performed genomic analysis of 11,921 non-redundant A. baumannii genomes retrieved from NCBI RefSeq, representing isolates from 93 countries collected between 1982 and 2025. ARGs and BMRGs were identified using AMRFinderPlus (v4.2.7; organism-specific mode). Multilocus sequence typing (Pasteur MLST) was performed, and BMRG-ARG co-occurrence was assessed using one-sided Fisher's exact tests for enrichment with Benjamini-Hochberg correction (q < 0.05). Every genome carried at least one AMR determinant, and 99.98% carried at least one biocide or metal resistance locus at initial annotation. AMRFinderPlus identified 687 resistance-associated loci (633 AMR determinants; 39 biocide and metal resistance loci, of which 38 BMRGs were retained for analysis after exclusion of the core-genome gene nreB; and 15 virulence-associated loci, which were excluded from resistance analyses). Sequence type 2 (ST2) accounted for 56.4% of genomes. The carbapenemase gene blaOXA-23 was detected in 62.6% of genomes, and fluoroquinolone resistance mutations were highly prevalent (gyrA S81L: 84.9%; parC S84L: 77.2%). Co-occurrence analysis identified 38 significant BMRG-ARG associations overall (q < 0.05, OR ≥ 10), with a prominent module linking the integron-associated marker qacEΔ1 to ARGs (e.g., sul1, aadA1); the population-level mercury resistance-tet(A) association was not supported in the phylogeny-based sensitivity analysis. This study provides quantitative evidence for structured BMRG-ARG co-occurrence patterns in A. baumannii, shaped by ST2 dominance. These patterns are consistent with possible linkage and co-selection, although the present data cannot establish physical linkage.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42893470What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.