ArticleInternational journal of sports physical therapy2026
Strength Testing in the High School-Aged Baseball Athlete: Reliability, Percentage Ratios, and Pain with Throwing.
Article in International journal of sports physical therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Digital handheld dynamometry (HHD) is widely used to measure strength. However, among youth baseball athletes, it shows inconsistencies in isometric strength measurements, determination of within-limb strength percentage ratios (SPRs), and tracking changes in strength across a season. Purpose: To establish intra-tester reliability of isometric HHD strength testing of shoulder and elbow, describe throwing arm strength trends and SPRs across chronological ages, and report throwing with pain after seasonal participation for high school-aged baseball athletes. Design: Quasi-experimental observational study. Methods: Isometric strength for throwing arm musculature was assessed in 34 male high school-aged baseball athletes using an externally fixated HHD and normalized to throwing arm ulnar length. Assessed muscles included (1) shoulder external and internal rotators (ER & IR) in neutral, (2) elbow flexors and extensors at 90˚ shoulder flexion, and (3) shoulder ER and IR at 90˚ abduction. SPRs were calculated for antagonistic groups: shoulder ER/IR and elbow extensors/flexors. Intra-tester reliability was also analyzed. Throwing-related pain was assessed with the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC) after one baseball season. Intra-tester reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC Results: Thirty-four high school-aged male baseball athletes (average age 15.7 ±1.2 years) were recruited for this study, and 30 completed all aspects of the study. Intra tester reliability ICC's were .822-.902. The SEM was 3.01-6.47 Newton-Meters (Nm), MDC Conclusions: Isometric strength assessment using digital HHD is a reliable method to quantify upper extremity strength in high school-aged baseball athletes. Descriptive SPR trends could aid future research on normative values and analysis of throwing with and without pain. Level of Evidence: Level 3.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.