ArticleNeurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology2026
Association between IGFBP-3 and longitudinal neuropsychiatric symptom trajectories in early Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal cohort study.
Article in Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundNeuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD), yet biomarkers associated with their long-term progression remain poorly characterized. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is involved in neurotrophic and metabolic processes. We examined whether baseline IGFBP-3 was associated with subsequent anxiety and depressive symptom trajectories in patients with early PD.
methodsThis longitudinal cohort included 352 patients with early-stage PD followed annually for up to 7 years. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), respectively. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated IGFBP-3 × time interactions, with adjustment for demographic, disease-related, metabolic, systemic, and treatment-related covariates, including time-varying levodopa-equivalent daily dose.
resultsIn fully adjusted longitudinal models, each 1-SD higher baseline IGFBP-3 was associated with a slower annual increase in STAI (β=-0.41 points/year; 95% CI, - 0.60 to - 0.22; P < 0.001) and GDS scores (β=-0.055 points/year; 95% CI, - 0.082 to - 0.028; P < 0.001). By Year 7, adjusted STAI scores were 68.5 in the low and 63.4 in the high IGFBP-3 tertile, corresponding to a difference of 5.1 points (95% CI, 2.8-7.4; P < 0.001); corresponding GDS scores were 3.17 and 2.36. After mutual adjustment, the IGFBP-3 × time association remained evident for STAI (β=-0.36; 95% CI, - 0.57 to - 0.15; P = 0.001) and GDS (β=-0.049; 95% CI, - 0.079 to - 0.019; P = 0.002). The molar IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio was not associated with longitudinal changes in STAI (P = 0.433) or GDS (P = 0.498).
conclusionsHigher baseline IGFBP-3 was associated with slower progression of anxiety and depressive symptoms over 7 years in early PD, suggesting that IGFBP-3 may capture clinically relevant information on neuropsychiatric symptom progression.
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