Electrochemical-mechanical-thermal modeling for lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion battery operation results from multiphysical interactions incorporating electrochemical-mechanical-thermal interrelated processes taking place across diverse length/timescales. Driven by efficient and safe applications, understanding electrochemical-mechanical-thermal phenomena has become an overriding consideration for the prosperity of sustainable lithium-ion battery technology. Toward this goal, priority is given to modeling techniques because of comparatively satisfactory cost, identifying limited phenomena, and predicting how altering parameters affects the entire system. Herein, current advancements are evaluated and summarized in the realm to gain a comprehensive description of the electrochemical-mechanical-thermal modeling framework associated with the intricate interplay within electrochemical-mechanical-thermal properties. Electrochemical, mechanical, and thermal models are classified to characterize the corresponding properties during normal operation, degradation, and even thermal runaway. For convoluted and interconnected electrochemical-mechanical-thermal phenomena, initiating a unified modeling workflow intimately with a combination of question proposal, model development, parameter acquisition, model validation, and application is indispensable to unlocking the full investigative potential and assisting novices and specialists with model development. Finally, the future challenges confronted are discussed.