ArticleFrontiers in pediatrics2026
Temporal trends in surfactant replacement therapy among U.S. infants, 2016-2024.
Article in Frontiers in pediatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) remains a cornerstone of neonatal respiratory management, but contemporary national data on temporal trends in SRT use across gestational age groups in the United States remain limited. We aimed to characterize gestational age-specific SRT rates among U.S. live-born infants and assess temporal trends over time. Study design: We conducted a serial cross-sectional analysis using the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER Natality Expanded database from 2016 to 2024. Findings were examined in parallel using a cohort of preterm infants from the Premier Healthcare Database from 2020 to 2024. In CDC WONDER, SRT was defined using the birth certificate item for surfactant replacement therapy. In the Premier Healthcare Database, SRT was defined as receipt of exogenous surfactant during the birth hospitalization identified from billing records. Annual percentages of infants receiving SRT were estimated by gestational age group. Temporal trends were summarized as annual percent change (APC) using Poisson regression. Results: From 2016 to 2024, the observed SRT rate increased from 0.48% (95% CI, 0.48%-0.49%) to 0.51% (95% CI, 0.50%-0.51%), an absolute difference of approximately 0.03 percentage points, corresponding to a model-estimated cumulative relative increase of 7.60% [95% CI, 6.00%-9.22%; APC, 0.92% (95% CI, 0.73%-1.11%)], with a transient deviation in 2021. The increase was most pronounced among late preterm infants born at 34-36 weeks (APC, 0.90% [95% CI, 0.45%-1.36%]) and term infants born at 37 weeks or later (APC, 3.31% [95% CI, 2.82%-3.79%]). Similar upward patterns were observed in the Premier Healthcare Database among preterm infants. The calibrated SRT rate among preterm births in 2024 was 11.39% (95% CI, 11.23%-11.54%). Conclusion: Across 2 national data sources, SRT rates increased among infants born at 34 weeks' gestation or later. These findings suggest evolving patterns of neonatal respiratory care and inform surveillance and interpretation of national birth data.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.