ReviewDrug design, development and therapy2026
Nanozyme-Mediated Anesthetic Drug Delivery and Macrophage Immunomodulation: Emerging Concepts and Translational Challenges.
Review in Drug design, development and therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Anesthetic agents can influence not only neuronal signaling but also oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, cellular metabolism, and perioperative immune responses. Macrophages are central regulators of tissue injury, inflammation resolution, neuroimmune interactions, and the tumor microenvironment, and therefore represent a plausible target for non-neuronal effects of anesthetic therapy. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-like catalytic activity; representative systems include cerium oxide and magnetite/iron-oxide nanoparticles with superoxide dismutase-, catalase-, peroxidase-, or related redox activities. Unlike conventional inert nanocarriers, nanozymes may combine drug loading with active remodeling of reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, and inflammatory microenvironments. However, direct studies that simultaneously demonstrate nanozyme-mediated anesthetic delivery, macrophage-dependent mechanisms, and therapeutic benefit remain scarce. Current evidence is therefore derived mainly from three adjacent areas: nanozyme regulation of macrophages, anesthetic modulation of macrophage function, and nanocarrier-mediated delivery of anesthetic agents. This review critically integrates these evidence streams, discusses redox regulation, inflammasome signaling, metabolic reprogramming, biological clearance, and context-dependent pro-oxidative versus antioxidant activity, and evaluates strategies for targeted and stimulus-responsive anesthetic delivery. We further compare nanozyme platforms with other advanced nanocarriers and highlight key translational barriers, including assay standardization, macrophage heterogeneity, long-term inorganic-material retention, and clinically meaningful pharmacodynamic evaluation. These emerging concepts provide a framework for testable perioperative drug-delivery and immunomodulation strategies rather than evidence of an already established clinical platform.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.