ArticleInternational journal of public health2026
Joint trajectories of health behaviors and their associations with healthcare utilization and expenditure.
Article in International journal of public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Objectives: This study identified sex-specific trajectories of key health behaviors among middle-aged and older adults and examined their longitudinal associations with healthcare utilization and expenditure. Methods: We analyzed 167,343 Korean adults aged 40-79 years from 2002 to 2019 using the National Health Insurance Service Health Screening Cohort. Group-based multi-trajectory modeling identified joint trajectories of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and BMI. Associations with healthcare outcomes were assessed using generalized estimating equations stratified by sex and age group. Results: Six distinct health behavior trajectories were identified in both sexes. Among men, the higher moderate-risk trajectory showed fewer outpatient visits but longer hospital stays. Among women, the higher severe-risk trajectory was associated with increased expenditures and higher healthcare utilization. Age-stratified analyses revealed stronger associations for severe-risk trajectories in men aged <65 years and lower severe-risk trajectories in those aged ≥65 years. Conclusion: Sex- and age-specific behavioral trajectories were differentially associated with healthcare utilization and expenditure, underscoring the importance of multidimensional behavioral patterns in developing preventive strategies to reduce healthcare burdens.
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