ReviewCureus2026
Modern Obesity Treatment: Efficacy, Safety, and Future Directions of GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) and GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) Receptor Agonists.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and heterogeneous disease associated with a substantial burden of metabolic, cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal complications. In recent years, incretin-based therapies have changed the pharmacological management of obesity by providing levels of weight reduction that were previously difficult to achieve with medical treatment alone. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the efficacy, safety, and broader clinical effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists in adults with overweight or obesity. Relevant literature was identified through searches of major medical databases, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and pivotal phase 2 and phase 3 trials. Liraglutide established the role of GLP-1 receptor agonism in weight management, while semaglutide provided greater and more sustained weight reduction. Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, produced greater weight loss than semaglutide in direct comparative studies. Beyond weight reduction, incretin-based therapies have demonstrated favorable effects on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, kidney outcomes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and quality of life. Gastrointestinal adverse effects, particularly nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, remain the most common limitations and are most prominent during dose escalation. Emerging multi-receptor and combination therapies, including retatrutide, CagriSema, MariTide, and amycretin, may further expand treatment options, although long-term efficacy and safety data remain limited. Overall, incretin-based therapies support a shift from weight-centered obesity treatment toward individualized, complication-oriented long-term care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.