ArticleFrontiers in psychology2026
Mathematics anxiety and self-efficacy among students in Hong Kong and Macao (China): socioeconomic disadvantage as a moderator of academic achievement.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: This study examines whether socioeconomic disadvantage alters the associations of mathematics anxiety and mathematics-specific self-efficacy with mathematics achievement among adolescents in Hong Kong (China) and Macao (China). The research problem is not whether anxiety, efficacy, and socioeconomic status are individually related to achievement; those relationships are already well established. The unresolved question is whether socioeconomic disadvantage functions as a boundary condition on the two psychological-achievement slopes when anxiety and self-efficacy are modeled jointly. Data and methods: This quantitative, observational, cross-sectional secondary analysis uses public PISA 2022 student data for Hong Kong (China) and Macao (China). The source data contained 10,291 relevant student records; after complete-case screening, 9,760 students from 209 schools were analyzed. Mathematics achievement was represented by PV1MATH-PV10MATH, mathematics anxiety by ANXMAT, mathematics self-efficacy by MATHEFF, and socioeconomic disadvantage by reverse weighted-standardized ESCS. Models were estimated separately across all 10 plausible values with final student weights, and sampling variance was estimated with the 80 official Fay-BRR replicate weights before plausible-value pooling. Findings: Anxiety was negatively associated with mathematics achievement ( Contribution and practical relevance: The findings show concurrent psychological and socioeconomic gradients while placing the moderation conclusion within the official PISA variance framework. Interventions should address emotional, motivational, and structural barriers in parallel rather than assuming that socioeconomic disadvantage necessarily magnifies the psychological gradients.
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