ArticlePloS one2026
Joint associations of 2D-3D urban form with land surface temperature along an urban-rural gradient: Implications for sustainable urban planning.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As fundamental urban units, buildings are closely associated with urban thermal environments, and their morphological attributes are related to spatial variations in thermal conditions. Although significant progress has been made in characterizing building morphology, the relative importance and joint associations between 2D horizontal characteristics and 3D vertical structures in shaping neighborhood-scale thermal environments along urban-rural gradients remain underexplored. This study integrated multi-source remote-sensing data and Geodetector analysis to examine the joint, grid-level associations of 2D and 3D urban-form indicators with land surface temperature (LST) in Hangzhou, China. Multi-temporal LST data from 2000, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were used to characterize the thermal context, whereas the building-morphology data in 2020 supported a cross-sectional spatial association analysis. The results revealed clear spatial variation in the relative explanatory power of morphological indicators. Specifically, 3D building configurations exhibited the greatest explanatory power in the Core Built-up Area, whereas 2D characteristics showed stronger associations with LST in the Suburban Built-up Area. Interactions between 2D and 3D features generally provided greater explanatory power than individual factors, with several factor pairs showing nonlinear enhancement. These findings highlight the value of jointly considering horizontal land-cover patterns and vertical building form when assessing urban thermal environments. By elucidating gradient-specific thermal regulation processes and multidimensional interactions among built-environment features, this study provides a scientific foundation for spatially targeted, climate-responsive heat mitigation strategies and sustainable urban development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.