ArticlePolymers2026
Biodegradability of Chromium-Free Finished Leather Through ISO 14855-1:2012 and ISO 20136:2020: A Multi-Faceted Analytical Approach.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
While various methodologies have been used to evaluate leather biodegradability, limited data exist regarding their respective strengths, limitations and complementarity, especially for finished leathers produced using chrome-free tanning systems. Consequently, this work assesses the biodegradation of eight commercial eco-friendly tanned finished leathers (phenolic-, zeolite-, aluminium- and titanium-based treatments) using two standardised laboratory approaches, ISO 14855-1:2012 (controlled composting) and ISO 20136:2020 (liquid-phase biodegradation), together with physicochemical characterisation and phytotoxicity/ecotoxicity endpoints. The results showed that biodegradation generally occurred faster under ISO 20136:2020 conditions, mainly because this assay uses ground leather shavings and an aqueous, well-mixed medium, whereas ISO 14855-1:2012 evaluates mineralisation of larger leather pieces in a compost matrix. Phenolic- and titanium-tanned leathers showed consistently high biodegradation in both assays, whereas the aluminium-tanned leather biodegraded efficiently under ISO 14855-1:2012 but showed limited biodegradation under ISO 20136:2020, highlighting that assay conditions can reveal constraints related to the complete material architecture, collagen stabilisation, effective accessibility and method-specific exposure conditions rather than to a single leaching mechanism. Phytotoxicity and ecotoxicity assessments indicated low environmental impact of the degradation products under the tested conditions. Overall, the combined use of both standards provides a more comprehensive and industrially useful framework for assessing the end-of-life behaviour of finished leathers than either method alone.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.