ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Waterpipe Smoke Condensate Impairs p53 Nuclear Localization in Association with HIF-1α Stabilization.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Waterpipe (shisha or hookah) smoking is recognized as a risk factor for lung cancer; however, its interference with hypoxia stress and tumor suppressor pathways in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poorly defined. In this study, NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460, H226 with endogenous wild-type p53, and H1299 transiently expressing wild-type or p53 mutants) were exposed to waterpipe smoke condensate (WPSC) under normoxic and/or hypoxic conditions. WPSC induced HIF-1α stabilization under normoxic conditions, accompanied by predominantly cytoplasmic localization and without corresponding induction of the canonical HIF-1 target genes examined. In parallel, WPSC transiently reduced nuclear p53 localization without altering total p53 protein levels. In A549 cells, WPSC pretreatment attenuated irradiation-induced expression of the p53 target genes cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (
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