ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Pulmonary Carcinoid Tumors (Lung Carcinoids): Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Management.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are rare lung neuroendocrine neoplasms with diverse clinical behavior, ranging from indolent localized disease to metastatic progression. Diagnosis relies on histopathology but may be supplemented by immunohistochemical markers such as Ki-67. Recent molecular and multi-omic studies reveal substantial heterogeneity, identifying molecularly defined subgroups and highly proliferative carcinoids with aggressive behavior. Management includes surgical resection for localized disease and systemic therapies for advanced cases, such as somatostatin analogs, targeted agents, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, and chemotherapy. While emerging molecular classifications and biomarker-driven strategies hold significant promise, current management of advanced pulmonary carcinoids relies heavily on extrapolated data from mixed neuroendocrine cohorts, underscoring the urgent need for prospective thoracic-dedicated trials to validate these paradigms in clinical practice. Emerging biomarker-driven trial designs and integrated precision medicine approaches offer opportunities to optimize therapy and improve outcomes in this rare tumor type.
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