ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Integrated Assessment of Humoral and Cellular SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Using ELISA and a Gold Nanoparticle-Based IGRA.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 immunity has been widely investigated, the relationship between antibody levels and cellular immune responses following different routes of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 remains not fully revealed. In this study, cellular immunity was assessed using a newly developed whole-blood interferon-gamma release assay (nano-IGRA) based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-conjugated SARS-CoV-2 antigens. AuNP-conjugated and soluble antigens were compared regarding interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses and intra- and interassay reproducibility in 112 individuals with immunity acquired through infection, vaccination, or both. Humoral immunity was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Overall, 88% of participants were seropositive. AuNP-conjugated Spike (S) and Nucleocapsid (N) SARS-CoV-2 antigens induced significantly higher IFN-γ responses than soluble antigens in all exposure groups (
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