ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Photobiomodulation as a Potential Regenerative Signal in the Inner Ear: Linking Mitochondrial Redox Signaling to Cell-Fate Regulation.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-thermal therapeutic modality in which low-intensity red or near-infrared light is used to modulate biological activity. Experimental inner-ear studies report preservation of auditory neurons, attenuation of vestibular injury, improved survival of transplanted stem cells, and changes in otic organoid differentiation. These observations raise the possibility that PBM may influence differentiation-associated cellular states in addition to providing cytoprotection. The classical mechanistic model proposes that photons interact with mitochondrial chromophores, particularly cytochrome c oxidase, leading to changes in respiration, ATP, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, calcium, and downstream signaling; however, a universal primary photoreceptor has not been established. In a 2020 mouse embryonic-stem-cell-derived otic-organoid study, PBM was associated with more organoid-like structures, increased hair-cell-associated markers, increased ROS, and lower
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