Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42883403›Full record

ReviewBiology2026

Gut Microbiome Disruption in Traumatic Brain Injury and Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Zeeshan A Khan, Zara Chowdhury, Riya Modi, Dewan Md Sumsuzzman, Ling-Sha Ju, Rajendra K Labala, Nikolaus Gravenstein, Anatoly E Martynyuk

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Zeeshan A KhanDepartment of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0737-0253
Zara ChowdhuryDepartment of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
Riya ModiDepartment of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
Dewan Md SumsuzzmanAgent-Based Modelling Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in AI for Public Health Advancement, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-4468-1202
Ling-Sha JuDepartment of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7266-0794
Rajendra K LabalaLaboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic.ORCID 0000-0003-0100-1868
Nikolaus GravensteinDepartment of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
Anatoly E MartynyukDepartment of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9915-5584

Funding

Mechanisms and blood-based biomarkers of intergenerational neurobehavioral effects of general anestheticsR01HD107722 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI ANATOLY E MARTYNYUK · 2022 to 2026
$2.4M
Mechanisms of neurodevelopmental effects of parental exposure to commonly used general anesthetic agentsR56HD102898 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI MARTYNYUK, ANATOLY E · 2020 to 2020
$381k
I. Heerman Anesthesia FoundationNICHD NIH HHS R01 HD107722NICHD NIH HHS R56 HD102898NIH HHS 1R01HD107722-05NIH HHS 5R56HD102898-02
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder that may involve alterations in the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis, a bidirectional network linking the brain, immune system, and gut microbiota. While animal studies suggest that disruption and restoration of the BGM axis influence TBI-related changes and recovery, respectively, human evidence remains fragmented.

methodsMEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through 2025; Global Health was additionally searched for Aim 2. This study had two aims: (1) to assess gut microbiome changes following TBI and (2) to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation in TBI patients. Data were synthesized using random-effects meta-analyses, and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa and Cochrane tools.

resultsFive studies (Aim 1) and fifteen studies (Aim 2) met the inclusion criteria. TBI was associated with shifts in microbial composition, including reduced abundance of

conclusionsThe findings of this analysis suggest that TBI is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome and that microbiota-targeted therapies involving probiotics may improve inflammatory, gut-barrier, neurological, and functional outcomes. Although substantial heterogeneity was observed across several outcomes, particularly the GCS, the available evidence supports further investigation of microbiome-directed interventions as adjunctive strategies for TBI management. Standardized multicenter trials are warranted. PROSPERO: CRD420251135998.

Indexed as

gut dysbiosisinflammationneurocognitive disordersprobioticstraumatic brain injury

Identifiers

PMID42883403
PMCPMC13663378

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.