ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026
Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma Identifies Candidate Metabolic Indicators of Semen Quality in Holstein Bulls.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This exploratory study applied untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomic profiling to investigate metabolic differences between Holstein bulls with high-quality (HQ) and low-quality (LQ) semen in both spermatozoa and seminal plasma. Bulls were classified based on long-term routine semen quality records and ejaculate rejection rates, providing a stable and biologically meaningful grouping. A total of 249 unique metabolites were annotated across both biological matrices. Differential analysis identified 46 LC-MS features corresponding to 44 unique metabolites in spermatozoa and 11 LC-MS features corresponding to 9 unique metabolites in seminal plasma that met the predefined multi-criteria selection thresholds (FDR < 0.05, |log
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