ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Third-Body Dynamics and Tribo-Oxidation Mechanism in Fretting Degradation of an Inconel 718/304 Stainless Steel O-Ring Seal.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Fretting wear at metal O-ring sealing interfaces involves the coupled processes of debris generation, entrapment, and oxidation. Existing accelerated life testing relies on similarity theory, yet it overlooks the dominant role of third-body behavior in governing wear regime transitions, so equivalence between test and service conditions lacks a physical basis. This study investigates reciprocating fretting wear of an Inconel 718/304 stainless steel pair and reinterprets wear evolution using third-body dynamics. Laser scanning confocal microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and real-time friction monitoring reveal three distinct stages: debris generation with mild damage, oxide layer formation with steady wear, and oxide layer fracture with material spalling. The friction coefficient passes through running-in, steady-state, and sharp-rise phases, while oxygen content on the wear track rises from 2.1 wt.% to 18.3 wt.%. One-way ANOVA shows significant differences among all stages. Based on Berthier's theory, a state-evolution model is developed that treats third-body oxidation degree and cumulative friction energy dissipation as equivalence criteria. Friction energy and wear mass correlate linearly (R
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