Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42881759›Full record

ArticleHealthcare (Basel, Switzerland)2026

The Assessment of Structural Validity and Internal Consistency of the Polish Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) in Primary Care Settings.

Agnieszka Lipiak, Barbara Gawłowska, Marlena Szewczyczak, Monika Karasiewicz, Rafał Staszewski, Richard Osborne, Melanie Hawkins, Ewelina Chawłowska

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Article in Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Agnieszka LipiakDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-1826-2901
Barbara GawłowskaDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
Marlena SzewczyczakDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
Monika KarasiewiczDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-8373-037X
Rafał StaszewskiDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.
Richard OsborneGlobal Health and Equity Development Hub, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-9081-2699
Melanie HawkinsGlobal Health and Equity Development Hub, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-5704-0490
Ewelina ChawłowskaDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-1966-9498

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesHealth literacy extends beyond individual competencies and encompasses how people engage with health systems. The Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ) is a widely used multidimensional instrument designed to assess different health literacy aspects across nine distinct domains. This study aimed to examine structural validity and internal consistency of the Polish version of the HLQ among primary care service users.

methodsThe HLQ was used in a cross-sectional survey among 360 adults (mean age 51.76 years, SD 17.48) attending four primary care clinics in Poland. The assessment included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency tests.

resultsA nine-factor CFA model was applied to the HLQ items, without allowing cross-loadings or correlated residuals. The fit indices confirmed good model fit: χ

conclusionsThe findings provide preliminary evidence supporting structural validity and internal consistency of the Polish HLQ in this sample of primary care service users and suggest the potential value of the instrument for multi-dimensional assessment of health literacy in similar Polish primary care populations. Future studies should evaluate additional measurement properties of the tool, as well as the performance of the instrument in nationally representative samples and across diverse clinical settings.

Indexed as

health literacyhealth literacy developmenthealth literacy measurementHealth Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ)patientsPolandprimary health carepsychometricsvalidationvalidity testing

Identifiers

PMID42881759
PMCPMC13665345

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.