ArticleArthritis research & therapy2026
Minor salivary gland biopsies in childhood-onset Sjögren's disease show greater inflammation and more frequent fibrotic changes than in adult-onset Sjögren's disease.
Article in Arthritis research & therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo provide the first histopathological characterization of minor salivary gland (MSG) biopsies in childhood-onset Sjögren's disease (cSjD) in comparison with adult Sjögren's disease (SjD).
methodsMSG biopsies obtained by eighteen consecutive children fulfilling the 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for SjD and 55 consecutive adult SjD patients were analysed. Clinical features, ESSDAI, ESSPRI, and salivary gland histopathology were collected according to EULAR standards, including focus score (FS), lymphoepithelial lesions (LELs), and ectopic germinal centers (GCs) by immunohistochemistry.
resultsCompared with adults, children showed a more inflammatory phenotype. Recurrent parotid swelling was significantly more frequent in cSjD (38.9% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.0015), whereas xerostomia and xerophthalmia predominated in adults (p < 0.0001 for both). Palpable purpura was more common in children (44.4% vs. 1.8%, p < 0.0001), while fatigue and myalgia were rare (p = 0.0058 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Rheumatoid factor was more prevalent in cSjD (77.7% vs. 30.9%, p = 0.0072), whereas anti-SSA antibodies were less frequent (p = 0.0029). ESSDAI scores were higher (p = 0.0001) and ESSPRI lower (p < 0.0001) in children, reflecting greater systemic inflammation but lower subjective symptom burden. Pediatric biopsies exhibited higher FS than adults (median 3.4 vs. 1.0, p = 0.0002), together with more frequent GCs (44.4% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.00034), LELs (61.1% vs. 5.5%, p < 0.0001), and fibrotic changes (66.7% vs. 27.3%, p = 0.0048). Quantitative immunohistochemistry further showed significantly increased CD3 and CD20 lymphocytic infiltrates in cSjD biopsies, together with an increased CD20/(CD20 + CD3) proportion (all p < 0.0001).
conclusionsMSG biopsies in cSjD show a more inflammatory, lymphoid-organizing B-enriched phenotype, with more frequent fibrosis than in adults. These findings are in keeping with previous observations in pediatric parotid tissue and highlight frequent fibrotic remodelling alongside marked inflammation despite shorter disease duration in children.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42881405What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.