ReviewNature reviews. Urology2026
Combination therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: biological rationale and ongoing clinical strategies.
Review in Nature reviews. Urology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Radical cystectomy is the current first-line treatment for patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer; however, this surgical procedure is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Bladder-preserving treatments, including single agents - such as nadofaragene firadenovec, a nonreplicating adenoviral-vector-based gene therapy; pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy; and single-agent intravesical chemotherapy using valrubicin or controlled-release gemcitabine - and combination therapies, including nogapendekin alfa inbakicept-pmln (an IL-15 receptor agonist immunotherapy) plus BCG - and multiagent intravesical chemotherapy (for example, gemcitabine plus docetaxel) are also recommended by current guidelines. Single-agent therapies can lead to development of acquired immune resistance; thus, combination therapies are a key area of interest for improving patient outcomes. Options for this approach include combinations of intravesical chemotherapy, BCG, immunotherapy, gene therapy and radiotherapy. These bladder-preserving combination therapies have the potential to change the treatment paradigm for patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer by improving clinical efficacy and avoiding the need for cystectomy. Future studies must evaluate the benefits and risks associated with combination treatment, considering patient convenience, toxicity, efficacy, the risk of progression and treatment cost.
Identifiers
42881230What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.