Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42879488›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

The historical domestication of a

Paul Keim, Roxanne Nottingham, Miriam A Guevara, Ely F Miller, Amy J Vogler, Charles H D Williamson, Theresa Smith, Richard G Posner, Sabine Pellett, Richard E Lenski and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Paul KeimThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.ORCID 0000-0003-0089-5820
Roxanne NottinghamThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.ORCID 0009-0006-2800-6481
Miriam A GuevaraDepartment of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
Ely F MillerDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.ORCID 0000-0003-3480-8377
Amy J VoglerThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.ORCID 0009-0008-0209-6209
Charles H D WilliamsonThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.
Theresa SmithThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.ORCID 0000-0002-9772-2549
Richard G PosnerDepartment of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.ORCID 0000-0002-0489-9397
Sabine PellettDepartment of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
Richard E LenskiDepartment of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.ORCID 0000-0002-1064-8375
Jason W SahlThe Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011.

Funding

Characteristics of Botulinum Neurotoxins the Determine PotencyR01AI139306 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI Joseph T Barbieri, Sabine Pellett · 2019 to 2026
$5.5M
HHS | NIH | NIAID | Division of Intramural Research (DIR) R01 AI139306MSU | AgBioResearch, Michigan State University (AgBioResearch) MICL02839
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Laboratory production of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) began more than 90 y ago for medical, military, and later pharmaceutical applications, creating one of the longest-running examples of microbial cultivation under sustained human control. A single

Indexed as

Botulinum ToxinsClostridium botulinumEvolution, MolecularGenetic VariationGenome, BacterialHumansPhylogenyBotulinum Toxinsbotulinum neurotoxinClostridium botulinumhypermutabilitymutSspecies domestication

Identifiers

PMID42879488
PMCPMC13684170

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.