ArticleIrish journal of medical science2026
Serum apelin levels in established pulmonary arterial hypertension: A cross-sectional case-control study.
Article in Irish journal of medical science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive condition involving pulmonary vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, abnormal angiogenesis, and right ventricular dysfunction. Apelin, an endogenous peptide acting via the APJ receptor, modulates vascular tone, enhances nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, and counteracts the renin-angiotensin system, suggesting relevance to PAH.
aimsTo compare serum apelin levels between patients with established PAH and healthy controls and to examine their relationship with cross-sectional measures of disease severity.
methodsIn this prospective cross-sectional study, 40 patients with established Group 1 PAH receiving PAH-specific therapy and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. All participants underwent echocardiographic evaluation, a six-minute walk test, and serum apelin measurement. PAH patients were additionally classified using the 2022 ESC/ERS four-strata risk model and WHO functional class.
resultsSerum apelin levels were significantly higher in PAH patients than in controls (1006.20 ± 312.99 pg/mL vs. 812.46 ± 245.80 pg/mL; p = 0.003). Apelin levels did not differ significantly across PAH etiologies (p = 0.16), ESC/ERS risk strata (p = 0.84), or WHO functional classes (p = 0.06). In multivariable logistic regression, apelin remained independently associated with PAH status (OR 1.345 per 100 pg/mL; 95% CI 1.084-1.669; p = 0.007).
conclusionsSerum apelin levels were higher in patients with established PAH than in healthy controls and were independently associated with PAH status, whereas no significant association with the evaluated cross-sectional severity measures was demonstrated. Any potential diagnostic role of apelin requires validation in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients and clinically relevant comparator groups.
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