ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2026
Overall and domain-specific neuropsychiatric symptoms in relation to caregiver burden among family caregivers of individuals with cognitive impairment.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Navigating professional oral care for autistic children: a qualitative study with parents.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common across the continuum of cognitive impairment and represent a major source of distress for family caregivers. Because NPS often co-occur in real-world care settings, it remains clinically important to determine whether caregiver burden is more closely related to cumulative NPS burden or to specific symptom domains. Objective: This study aimed to describe the prevalence and distribution of NPS and to examine the associations of Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) total score, symptom count, caregiver-distress total score, and individual NPI domain scores with caregiver burden among Chinese patient-caregiver dyads with cognitive impairment. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study included 418 patient-caregiver dyads recruited from the Neurodegenerative and Cognitive Disorders inpatient unit of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. NPS were assessed using the NPI and caregiver burden using the ZBI. Associations between global and domain-level NPI measures and ZBI total score were examined using Spearman correlations and multivariable linear regression adjusted for patient clinical characteristics, cognitive and functional status, and caregiver-related factors. Domain-level P values were corrected using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate. Additional analyses separately modeled the 12 domain-specific frequency and severity ratings and examined within-domain frequency-by-severity interactions. Multiple imputation and sensitivity analyses were used to assess robustness. Results: At least one NPS was present in 251 patients (60.0%; 95% CI, 55.3%-64.6%). The most common symptoms were apathy/indifference (30.4%), depression/dysphoria (25.1%), anxiety (23.0%), nighttime behaviors (21.1%), and irritability/lability (18.7%). Among the 403 dyads with complete observed ZBI data, ZBI total score was correlated with NPI total score (Spearman ρ = 0.308), symptom count (ρ = 0.313), and caregiver-distress total score (ρ = 0.336; all P < 0.001). In the multiple-imputation analysis including all 418 dyads, higher NPI total score remained associated with higher ZBI total score after multivariable adjustment (B = 0.357; 95% CI, 0.236-0.478; standardized β = 0.339; P < 0.001), with similar associations for symptom count and caregiver-distress total score. No individual NPI domain remained significant after simultaneous adjustment and FDR correction. In co-occurrence analyses, the number of other positive NPI domains was consistently associated with higher ZBI scores. In the domain-level frequency, severity, and within-domain interaction analyses, no association remained significant after FDR correction. Sensitivity analyses were consistent with the primary findings. Conclusion: NPS were common among individuals with cognitive impairment and were associated with greater caregiver burden. Cumulative NPS measures showed more consistent associations with caregiver burden than individual symptom domains. These findings support comprehensive assessment of overall neuropsychiatric symptom burden when evaluating family caregiver burden.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.