ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Nanocarrier-Integrated Topical Dosage Forms for Biofilm-Infected Wounds: Balancing Wound Retention, Biofilm Matrix Penetration, and Translational Feasibility.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biofilm-infected wounds are difficult to treat because extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrices, wound exudate, polymicrobial spatial organization, impaired antimicrobial penetration, persistent inflammation, and antimicrobial tolerance limit the efficacy of conventional topical therapy. Nanocarriers can protect antimicrobial payloads, enable controlled and stimuli-responsive release, and improve interactions with biofilm matrices; however, their clinical performance also depends on the final topical dosage form that governs wound residence, local exposure, usability, and translation. This review critically examines nanocarrier-integrated topical dosage forms for biofilm-infected wounds by linking nanoscale carrier design with macroscale platform performance. Hydrogels and in situ gels, films, membranes, wound dressings, nanofibers, sprays, foams, and multifunctional systems are discussed in relation to wound retention, exudate management, EPS access, and controlled antimicrobial release. Key strategies, including pH-, enzyme-, ROS-, and light-responsive delivery, EPS disruption, matrix penetration, photothermal and photodynamic therapy, ion-mediated killing, quorum-sensing interference, and wound-adaptive regenerative support, are integrated with translational considerations such as polymicrobial biofilm models, cytocompatibility, recurrence prevention, sterilization, storage stability, manufacturing scalability, regulatory classification, and patient-centered usability. By bridging nanocarrier engineering with topical dosage-form design, this review provides a formulation-oriented roadmap for clinically feasible antibiofilm nanomedicine for chronic and infected wounds, supporting control of infectious diseases, healthcare innovation, and sustainable manufacturing considerations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.