ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
A consistent vigor network in Parkinson's disease: a potential target for brain stimulation effects.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: In motor tasks with repetitive trials, motor vigor varies substantially from trial to trial in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). A key question is whether neural variability reflects behavioral variability or whether additional variability emerges as the neural signal is translated into movement. We aimed to identify a vigor-related neural network that could provide a candidate target for brain stimulation. Methods: We analyzed individual-trial fMRI data from 18 participants with PD who performed an overlearned ballistic hand-squeeze task in OFF- and ON-medication sessions while receiving subthreshold galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) with different stimulus waveforms. Single-trial fMRI responses were estimated using GLMsingle and entered into a constrained optimisation framework designed to identify a network that was task-active, encoded behavior, showed low trial-to-trial variability, and was spatially coherent. Results: The analysis identified a distributed vigor network whose activity remained related to behavioral vigor while showing lower variability than behavior itself. The network included motor, striatal, cerebellar, thalamic, parietal, temporal-limbic, and orbitofrontal regions and showed limited overlap with the standard task-activation map. GVS waveforms associated with faster responses were accompanied by corresponding changes in vigor-network activity, but not in the broader task-activation network. Dopaminergic medication was also associated with stronger local functional connectivity within the vigor network. Discussion: These findings suggest that movement variability in PD may arise partly when a relatively stable central vigor-related command is translated downstream into movement. The identified network may therefore provide a potential target for neuromodulation approaches aimed at increasing motor vigor in people with PD. Independent validation and future causal testing are needed.
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