ReviewFrontiers in plant science2026
Rhizosphere triangular warfare: mechanistic insights for plant- beneficial microbe- pathogen interactions.
Review in Frontiers in plant science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rhizosphere is a living physical space that is constantly evolving and is characterized by a complex interplay between beneficial microbes, pathogens, and plants, mediated by molecular and ecological interactions. These three-way relationships constitute a rhizosphere "triangular warfare system," which controls plant health, nutrient uptake, disease resistance, and plant resilience. This review provides a mechanistic overview of the molecular, metabolic and ecological processes underlying these tripartite interactions. We discuss how plants integrate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), microbiome exudation, and hormone signaling to select beneficial microbes to exclude pathogen entry. Beneficial microbes deploy volatile organic compounds, induction of systemic resistance (ISR), secretion systems, phytotoxins, siderophores, lytic enzymes, and microbiome-disrupting strategies to enhance plant fitness, whereas pathogens use virulence effectors, lytic enzymes, secretion systems, phytotoxins, siderophores, and microbiome-disrupting strategies to overcome host defenses and restructure rhizosphere communities. Recent advances in multi-omics have revealed the intricate signaling networks, metabolic interactions, and microbial competition shaping these relationships under various environmental conditions. We further explore emerging opportunities in microbiome engineering, synthetic microbial consortia and disease-suppressive soil management for sustainable crop protection. This review synthesizes existing mechanistic knowledge and introduces the concept of 'rhizosphere triangular warfare' as a stepping stone toward the next generation of microbiome-based agriculture and precision rhizosphere engineering under environmental changes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.